In a randomized crossover design study-among a cohort of 17 healthy young adult chronic hookah smokers-we investigated the effect of e-hookah vaping and hookah smoking on measures of conduit arterial stiffness, including carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index corrected for heart rate before and after a 30-minute exposure session. What is the differential acute effect of e-hookah vaping vs combustible hookah smoking on oxidation, inflammation and arterial stiffness? The comparable effects of hookah are unknown. With combustible tobacco smoking, oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular stiffness are key components in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. More recently, electronic (e-) hookahs-vaped through traditional waterpipes-were introduced as healthier alternatives to combustible hookah. Traditional hookah smoking has quickly grown to become a global tobacco epidemic. Moreover, future studies could be developed with the goal of discovering ways to solve the problem of unemployment and plan for developing recreational activities in this area to prevent initiation of hookah smoking especially among youth. Developing health policies based on the above factors can be effective in adopting hookah prevention and control strategies. On the basis of qualitative data, the reasons for the start of hookah smoking in male Turkmen were classified into three main categories: (1) individual (curiosity and sense of adulthood, fewer perceived risks compared with other substances and hookah’s sensory attractions) (2) interpersonal (hookah-smoking friends and consumption of hookah by family members) and (3) societal (blaming unemployed people in small neighborhoods, cultural influence, more social acceptance compared with other substances, and easy access to hookah).Ĭonclusion: Individual, interpersonal, and societal factors play important role in the start of hookah smoking among male Turkmens. The age of the participants at the time of starting hookah consumption varied from 14 to 25 years. Results: In this study, 26 hookah smoker men with the age range of 20–45 years were interviewed. Data management was done by software, MAXQDA version 10. Study data were collected through semi-structured individual interview and the results were analyzed in August 2018 by content analysis. The study participants included 26 male Turkmen water pipe smokers with various ages, occupation, and education level.

Methods: This qualitative study was conducted between February 2018 and June 2018 in Turkmen cities of Golestan provinces in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the factors related to the start of hookah smoking in men with Turkmen ethnicity. The reasons for this increase in the consumption of hookah are unclear.

Introduction: Hookah smoking has grown considerably among Iranian Turkmen in the past two decades. The findings highlight potential health dangers of hookah smoking and the need for education regarding this practice and demonstrate that regulatory oversight is needed.

Traditional tobacco warnings are not present in lounges or on websites. Hookah lounges often are exempt from age restriction laws because many double as cafés and other eating establishments. Contrary to medical evidence, young people believe smoking sweetened tobacco through a hookah is nonaddictive and safer than cigarettes. The findings indicate that it is a social phenomenon, with young people introducing peers to the practice and websites promoting shared consumption experiences. In two studies involving interviews with college-age hookah smokers and analysis of website marketing practices, the authors investigate consumer beliefs and attitudes toward hookah smoking and the way it is portrayed online. Hookah lounges are increasingly locating around college campuses in the United States, and websites offering hookah paraphernalia target U.S. A Middle Eastern tradition, hookah smoking involves burning flavored tobacco heated by charcoal, creating smoke that is filtered through water and ingested through the mouth using a hose.

Hubble bubble gum strain